Europe's rich tapestry of religious communities has significantly influenced its cultural and social landscape over the centuries. That influence continues today even as religious affiliations expand in response to European society's diversification. - BY Anna Gonsalves
Religion has significantly influenced European society and culture for thousands of years. It is bound up in architecture, social customs, food, and holidays. Many religions are present in Europe today: Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and various spiritual movements. Each has contributed to society and culture in the past and now fosters a rich environment of dialogue and understanding. Religious diversity enriches European society, promoting cultural exchange and intellectual growth among the inclusive. Sometimes, it is important to step back and appreciate the positive influence of religious diversity on European life.
The Past is Alive and Well

Religion is present everywhere one looks in Europe. The Roman Catholic Church, centered in Vatican City, has been a powerful European force. Its contributions include establishing educational institutions (e.g., universities like the University of Bologna), healthcare facilities, and numerous social services. Architecturally, Catholicism has left an indelible mark through cathedrals like Notre Dame de Paris and St. Peter's Basilica. Emerging from the Reformation in the 16th century, Protestantism has shaped many aspects of European life, particularly in Northern Europe. Contributions include the promotion of literacy due to the emphasis on reading the Bible, the development of modern capitalism through works like Max Weber's "Protestant Ethic", and distinctive architectural styles seen in churches and civic buildings.
Predominant in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, Eastern Orthodoxy has influenced art, architecture, and liturgical music. Its monastic traditions, such as those on Mount Athos in Greece, continue to play a vital role in spiritual life and cultural preservation. Islam has existed in Europe since the early Middle Ages, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkans. Islamic Spain (Al-Andalus) was a beacon of learning during the Middle Ages, contributing significantly to science, medicine, philosophy, and the arts. The translation of Arabic works into Latin helped ignite the European Renaissance. There are architectural marvels like the Alhambra in Spain and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul.
Jewish intellectuals have contributed immensely to European philosophy, science, and culture. Philosopher Benedict de Spinoza, Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, and physicist Albert Einstein are notable examples. Jewish traditions, music, literature, and festivals add to the rich tapestry of European culture. Cities like Prague and Krakow have well-preserved Jewish quarters that reflect this heritage.
Various migrations through the years brought other religions to Europe. Hinduism in Europe is primarily due to migration from South Asia, particularly in the UK, the Netherlands, and Germany. Festivals like Diwali and Holi are celebrated with great enthusiasm, contributing to multiculturalism. Buddhism has gained a significant following in Europe, often through Western converts and Asian immigrant communities. Buddhist philosophy has influenced Western thought, particularly in psychology and mindfulness practices. Sikh communities are primarily found in the UK and Italy, stemming from migration during the British colonial period. Vaisakhi, the Sikh New Year, is celebrated with large processions and gatherings, showcasing Sikh culture and traditions.
From the Past Flows the
Modern Influence of Religions
The spectacular cathedrals, temples and festivals attract religious followers and tourists interested in history. Yet, the influence of religious communities is not a thing of the past. They are essential to Europe’s culture and social progress today. For example, many of Europe’s oldest universities were established by Christians. Religious orders established Oxford University (1096), and Christian religious leaders and scholars founded Cambridge (1209). To this day, they are recognized as premier research facilities and centers of learning and innovation.
Christian organizations have historically established hospitals. St. Fabiola established the first hospital in Rome in 400, and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital was founded in London in 1123 by the St. Bartholomew monastery and Henry I courtier Rahere. Amazingly, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital is still operating. There are also healthcare and support services that Christians started to administer to the poor and marginalized. Christian charities like Caritas and the Salvation Army work extensively in social services, poverty alleviation, and disaster relief. Most social services can be traced back to religious organizations.
Each religion made and continues to make a significant contribution to building inclusion in society. Muslim communities establish mosques, cultural centers, and schools, fostering community cohesion and intercultural dialogue. Muslim organizations actively participate in interfaith initiatives, promoting mutual understanding and peace. Jewish organizations promote education and human rights. Institutions like the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Jewish advocacy groups work towards social justice and equality. Jewish charities and community services support various social causes, including poverty alleviation and healthcare. The Hindu Neasden Temple (BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir) in London actively engages the community in projects supporting health. In November 2023, the Neasden Temple earned the London Faith & Belief Community Awards’ recognition for its ongoing commitment to women. Buddhists inspire ecological mindfulness as an expression of their philosophy to do no harm. The Sikh communities are recognized for their economic prosperity and charitable works. In November 2023, the Sikh charity Sant Ashram opened a kitchen in Wolverhampton, UK, to honor the anniversary of the birth of the founder of Sikhism, Guru Nanak. The kitchen serves hot meals to the homeless and those at risk of homelessness as an expression of the Sikh religion’s belief in acting selflessly by helping others and not expecting a reward.
Religious Diversity
Enriches Europe
It is impossible to ignore the fact that religious diversity in Europe has caused some tensions, and those tensions often get the headlines. Yet, religious diversity in Europe promotes dialogue, tolerance, and mutual understanding, all crucial to inclusion. The people in the religious communities do immense amounts of charitable work, promote community engagement opportunities through events, and advocate for social justice.
They also contribute new elements to European culture. Celebrating and embracing diversity means finding a balance in which people do not have to erase their identity and can express their beliefs and cultures. Religious contributions to social services, art, architecture, education, and music enrich European culture today, just as they have in the past, and just as they will continue to do for many centuries to come.